Dry eye syndrome (DES or dry eye) is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the surface of the eye. Its consequences range from minor irritation to the inability to wear contact lenses and an increased risk of corneal inflammation and eye infections.
Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye
Persistent dryness, scratchiness and a burning sensation on your eyes are common symptoms of dry eye syndrome. These symptoms alone may be enough for your eye doctor to diagnose dry eye syndrome. Sometimes, he or she may want to measure the amount of tears in your eyes. A thin strip of filter paper placed at the edge of the eye, called a Schirmer test, is one way of measuring this.
Some people with dry eyes also experience a "foreign body sensation” – the feeling that something is in the eye. And it may seem odd, but sometimes dry eye syndrome can cause watery eyes, because the excessive dryness works to overstimulate production of the watery component of your eye's tears.
What Causes Dry Eyes?
In dry eye syndrome, the tear glands that moisturize the eye don't produce enough tears, or the tears have a chemical composition that causes them to evaporate too quickly.
Dry eye syndrome has several causes. It occurs:
- As a part of the natural aging process, especially among women over age 40.
- As a side effect of many medications, such as antihistamines, antidepressants, certain blood pressure medicines, Parkinson's medications and birth control pills.
- Because you live in a dry, dusty or windy climate with low humidity.
If your home or office has air conditioning or a dry heating system, that too can dry out your eyes. Another cause is insufficient blinking, such as when you're staring at a computer screen all day.
Dry eyes are also associated with certain systemic diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, rosacea or Sjogren's Syndrome (a triad of dry eyes, dry mouth, and rheumatoid arthritis or lupus).
Long-term contact lens wear, incomplete closure of the eyelids, eyelid disease and a deficiency of the tear-producing glands are other causes.
Dry eye syndrome is more common in women, possibly due to hormone fluctuations. Recent research suggests that smoking, too, can increase your risk of dry eye syndrome. Dry eye has also been associated with incomplete lid closure following blepharoplasty – a popular cosmetic surgery to eliminate droopy eyelids.
Treatment for Dry Eye
Dry eye syndrome is an ongoing condition that treatments may be unable to cure. But the symptoms of dry eye – including dryness, scratchiness and burning – can usually be successfully managed.
Here at Huffman Family Eye Care, our doctors approach dry eye with an "escalation schedule." They begin with the most generic solutions, and escalate their treatment plans to be more aggressive until they find the best solutions for you.
OTC Artificial Tears
We will typically begin with artificial tears as they are lower in cost, and widely available to most patients. Since they are considered to be "over the counter (OTC)" they are also easily accessible. There are many different brands of tears (they seem to number in the thousands). We suggest avoiding any generic or Wal-Mart, Target or Equate versions, as they are tears from a decade ago and tend to contain preservatives that can add to the problem. The drops shown below are effective when immediate need of treatment is needed.
Prescribed Drops
If you do not experience relief from these over-the-counter options, our doctor may prescribe you something. There’s a few options for this depending on what the underlying cause of your condition. Some drops are designed to increase tear production, others decrease the bacterial load and reduce inflammation. In some cases, your doctor may also prescribe a steroid for more immediate short-term relief.
If you wear contact lenses, be aware that many drops (both OTC and prescribed) cannot be used during contact lens wear. You may need to remove your lenses before using the drops. Wait 15 minutes or longer (check the label) before reinserting them. For mild dry eye, contact lens rewetting drops may be sufficient to make your eyes feel better, but the effect is usually only temporary. Switching to another lens brand could also help, and we encourage you to talk to your doctor about your lens brand at your next annual contact exam.
Punctal Plugs
For more significant cases of dry eye, your eye doctor may recommend punctal plugs. These tiny devices are inserted in ducts in your lids to slow the drainage of tears away from your eyes, thereby keeping your eyes more moist. Typically, this is tested first with temporary plugs designed to dissolve within 60 days to determine if you would benefit from a longer lasting plug. There are many types of plugs used for occlusion and determining which is right for you, is best left to your doctor as some options can have risks.
Most insurances consider punctal occlusion to be an outpatient surgical procedure, so this is typically subject to your deductible as a surgical procedure.
Warm Compresses
The bacteria that live in the eyelid glands can sometimes exceed the accepted “healthy” levels and will sometimes clog up the glands responsible for the oily layer of tears. A warm compress will heat up the eyelid and melt the chunky oil back into a healthy liquid and so that it will be evenly distributed over the water layer of tears and seal them in properly.
To melt the oils within the eyelid glands, constant heat is required for a FULL 15 minutes. The old-fashion method of using a warm wash cloth has repeatedly shown to be ineffective as that it cannot keep the heat high enough for long enough. We offer two options in our office available for purchase. When using this product, you need to strictly follow the instructions provided.
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Doctors sometimes also recommend special nutritional supplements containing certain essential fatty acids to decrease dry eye symptoms. Drinking more water may also offer some relief.
To reduce the effects of sun, wind and dust on dry eyes, wear sunglasses when outdoors. Wraparound styles offer the best protection.
Indoors, an air cleaner can filter out dust and other particles from the air, while a humidifier adds moisture to air that’s too dry because of air conditioning or heating.
If medications are the cause of dry eyes, discontinuing the drug generally resolves the problem. But in this case, the benefits of the drug must be weighed against the side effect of dry eyes. Sometimes switching to a different type of medication alleviates the dry eye symptoms while keeping the needed treatment. In any case, never switch or discontinue your medications without consulting with your doctor first.
Treating any underlying eyelid disease, such as blepharitis, helps as well. This may call for antibiotic or steroid drops, plus frequent eyelid scrubs with an antibacterial shampoo.
If you are considering LASIK, be aware that dry eyes may disqualify you for the surgery, at least until your dry eye condition is successfully treated. Dry eyes increase your risk for poor healing after LASIK, so most surgeons will want to treat the dry eyes first, to ensure a good LASIK outcome. This goes for other types of vision correction surgery, as well.